Electrochemical biosensors for DNA analysis.

Over the past few years, progress in electrochemical biosensors for DNA analysis is outstanding. This article briefly reviewed the principals of such biosensors, followed by a selection of topics that are of particular current interest. Selectivity and sensitivity are the two major challenges in DNA analysis. The former can be accomplished using peptide nucleic acids as probes, or relying on the DNA-mediated electron transfer. Special emphasis has been given to the efforts for high sensitivity, involving combination with polymerase chain reaction techniques, enzyme-labeled methods, direct label-free detection and nano-based techniques.